A Portable 2-Transistor Picowatt Temperature- Compensated V oltage Reference Ope

Abstract

Sensing systems such as biomedical implants, infra- structure monitoring systems, and military surveillance units are constrained to consume only picowatts to nanowatts in standby and active mode, respectively. This tight power budget places ultra-low power demands on all building blocks in the systems. This wo rk proposes a voltage reference for use in such ultra-low power systems, referred to as t he 2T voltage reference, which has been demonstrated in silicon across three CMOS technolo- gies.