▸创新点1：低温CMOS微波信号发生器（系统创新）。该论文提出了一种在低温环境下（cryo-CMOS）工作的微波信号发生器，能够在接近量子比特的低温环境中运行，显著减少了信号传输损耗和噪声干扰，提升了系统的整体性能。
▸创新点2：数字密集型架构（电路创新）。采用数字密集型架构，实现了对微波信号的精确控制，同时降低了模拟电路的复杂性和功耗，为大规模量子比特控制提供了高效且灵活的解决方案。
▸创新点3：全编程能力（方法创新）。该控制器具备对相位、振幅和频率的完全编程能力，能够动态调整微波信号参数，满足不同量子比特的精确控制需求，显著提高了系统的适应性和可扩展性。
▸创新点4：宽频带频率复用控制（系统创新）。通过频率复用技术，单个射频输出可同时控制32个量子比特，大幅减少了硬件复杂性和布线需求，为实现大规模量子计算系统提供了关键技术支撑。
Abstract
Building a large-scale quantum computer requires the co-optimization of both the quantum bits (qubits) and their control electronics. By operating the CMOS control circuits at cryogenic temperatures (cryo-CMOS), and hence in close proximity to the cryogenic solid-state qubits, a compact quantum- computing system can be achieved, thus promising scalability to the large number of qubits required in a practical appli- cation. This work presents a cryo-CMOS microwave signal generator for frequency-multiplexed control of 4 × 32 qubits (32 qubits per RF output). A digitally intensive architecture offering full programmability of phase, amplitude, and frequency Manuscript received May 17, 2020; revised July 29, 2020 and September 1, 2020; accepted September 5, 2020. This article was approved by Guest Editor Pedram Mohseni. This work was supported by Intel Corporation. (Jeroen Petrus Gerardus Van Dijk and Bishnu Patra contributed equally to this work. Stefano Pellerano, Edoardo Charbon, Fabio Sebastiano, and Masoud Babaie contributed equally to this work.) (Corresponding author: Bishnu Patra.) Jeroen Petrus Gerardus V an Dijk, Bis hnu Patra, Masoud Babaie, and Fabio Sebastiano are with the Department of Quantum and Computer Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands, and also with the Qutech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands (e-mail: b.p.patra@tudelft.nl). Sushil Subramanian, Farha