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A 28-nm-CMOS Based 145-GHz FMCW Radar: System, Circuits, and Characterization
本文介绍了一种基于28nm CMOS工艺的145GHz FMCW雷达系统，用于生命体征和手势检测。
28nm CMOS, 145GHz, 10GHz带宽, 11.5dBm EIRP, 8dB噪声系数
FMCW雷达145GHz28nm CMOS生命体征检测手势检测
▸创新点1：频率乘法器实现9倍频（电路创新）。通过创新的频率乘法器设计，在发射和接收路径中实现了9倍频，将低频信号提升至145 GHz，显著提高了系统的工作频率和信号质量，同时保持了较低的功耗（500 mW）。
▸创新点2：子阵列偶极子天线设计（系统创新）。采用子阵列偶极子天线设计，优化了天线的辐射效率和方向性，实现了11.5 dBm的有效全向辐射功率（EIRP），显著提升了雷达的探测范围和信号强度。
▸创新点3：延迟控制消除TX-RX泄漏（方法创新）。通过精确的延迟控制技术，有效中和了发射与接收路径之间的泄漏信号，提高了系统的信噪比（噪声系数为8 dB），确保了雷达在0.1–7 m范围内的稳定操作。
▸创新点4：快速啁啾信号设计（方法创新）。采用5–30 μs的快速啁啾信号，有效抑制了中频（IF）的1/f噪声，提高了雷达系统的动态范围和测量精度，实现了30 mm的窗口化距离分辨率。
Abstract
This article presents frequency-modulated- continuous-wave (FMCW) radars developed for the detection of vital signs and gestures using two generations of 145-GHz transceivers (TRXs) integrated in 28-nm bulk CMOS. The performance and limitations of high-frequency radars are quantified with a system-level study, and the design and performance of individual circuit blocks are presented in detail. A 145-GHz center frequency and radar operation over an RF bandwidth of 10 GHz yield a displacement responsivity of 2 π rad/mm and a windowed range resolution of 30 mm, respectively. Radar operation over a 0.1–7 m range is enabled by an effective-isotropic radiated power of 11.5 dBm and a noise figure of 8 dB. The ICs feature frequency multiplication by 9 in the transmit and receive paths, sub-arrayed dipole antennas, and neutralization of TX–RX leakage via delay control. A single TRX dissipates 500 mW from a 0.9-/1.8-V drive. The use of fast chirps (5–30- μs) mitigates the effect of 1/ f -noise at the intermediate frequency (IF). Extensive characterization results showcase state-of-the-art performance of the TRXs, while the code-domain multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) radars (1 ×4a n d4 ×4) built with them demonstrate vital-sign and gesture detections.