Abstract
This article presents a hardware platform including stimulating implants wirelessly powered and controlled by a shared transmitter (TX) for coordi nated leadless multisite stim- ulation. The adopted novel single-TX, multiple-implant structure can flexibly deploy stimuli, improve system efficiency, easily scale stimulating channel quantity, and relieve efforts in device synchronization. In the proposed system, a wireless link lever- aging magnetoelectric (ME) effect is co-designed with a robust and efficient system-on-chip (So C) to enable reliable operation and individual programming of every implant. Each implant integrates a 0.8-mm 2 chip, a 6-mm 2 ME film, and an energy storage capacitor within a 6.2-mm 3 size. ME power transfer is capable of safely transmitting milliwatt power to devices placed several centimeters away from the TX coil, maintain- ing good efficiency with size constraints, and tolerating 60 ◦, 1.5-cm misalignment in angular and lateral movement. The SoC robustly operates with 2-V source amplitude variations that spans a 40-mm TX-implant distance change, realizes individual addressability through physical unclonable function (PUF) IDs, and achieves 90% efficiency for 1.5–3.5-V stimulation with fully programmable stimulation parameters.