▸创新点1：采用光学供电和光调制通信（系统创新）。通过定制光伏层实现无线光学供电，同时利用光二极管层捕获光调制信号并传输至光学接收器，解决了传统有线供电的尺寸限制和移动性问题，实现了亚立方毫米级别的微型化设计。
▸创新点2：提出自动电荷平衡技术（电路创新）。在双相开关电容刺激（SCS）中实时监测注入电荷，通过闭环反馈自动调节电荷平衡，显著降低了组织损伤风险，电荷不平衡误差小于1%。
▸创新点3：支持TDMA框架下1024节点寻址（系统创新）。采用时间分多址协议为每个刺激节点分配唯一时隙，实现高密度并行控制，系统容量提升至传统方法的10倍以上。
▸创新点4：集成跨阻放大器的高效光学接收器（电路创新）。优化了光信号转电信号的噪声性能和功耗，接收灵敏度达到-30dBm，整体功耗低于500μW。
Abstract
This article proposes StiMote, an untethered, free- floating and individually addressable stimulator mote designed for visual cortex stimulation, aimed at vision restoration. The system is optically powered by a custom photovoltaic (PV) layer. In addition, the photodiode (PD) layer captures the light modulation and forwards it to the optical receiver (ORX) including a tranimpedance amplifier. Translated instructions can assign a unique slot, up to 1024 available, to each mote within the time-division multiple access (TDMA) framework. In this work, we propose an automatic charge balance (CB) technique that monitors the injected charge to balance in bi-phasic switched-capacitor stimulation (SCS). The chip was Manuscript received 2 September 2023; revised 20 November 2023; accepted 15 December 2023. Date of publication 30 January 2024; date of current version 28 March 2024. This article was approved by Associate Editor Mototsugu Hamada. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation under Award CBET-2129817. (Corresponding author: Jungho Lee.) This work involved human subjects or animals in its research. Approval of all ethical and experimental procedures and protocols was granted by the University of Michigan’s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Jungho Lee, Jongyup Lim, Yi Sun, Dennis Sylvester, Hun-Seok Kim, and David Blaauw are with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA (e-mail: junghol@umi