EMBER Efficient Multiple-Bits-Per-Cell Embedded RRAM Macro for High-Density Digi

Abstract

Designing compact and energy-efficient resistive RAM (RRAM) macros is challenging due to: 1) large read/write circuits that decrease storage density; 2) low-conductance cells that increase read latency; and 3) the pronounced effects of routing parasitics on high-conductance cell read energy. Multiple- bits-per-cell RRAM can boost storage density but has further challenges resulting from reliability problems due to conductance relaxation and slow write due to narrow conductance levels. This work