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提出一种基于直流维持放大器的32kHz晶体振荡器，在0.5V电压下仅消耗0.55nW功率，解决了传统Pierce振荡器在物联网应用中功耗过高的问题。
An always-ON, stable, 32kHz crystal oscillator (XO) provides key time-keeping, synchronization, and sleep-timer functions in most electronic systems. Ultra-low power (ULP) consumption of the XO is critical in highly duty-cycled, energyconstrained systems such as Internet-of-things (IoT). Conventional XOs, typically implemented in the Pierce configuration, consume 10 to 100nW: a large enough transconductance, gm > ωO2∙CL2∙Rm, is needed to compensate for loss in the crystal’s motional resistance, Rm, and sustain oscillations at frequency ωO, across load capacitors (CL > 15pF in Fig. 18.4.1) that are inevitably large to ensure frequency stability over process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations. Recent 32kHz XO designs report sub-10nW power consumption [1-4] by either duty-cycling the sustaining amplifier [4] or by providing energy to compensate the crystal losses only via narrow pulses at the peaks of the XO waveform [1-3].
Hani Esmaeelzadeh, Sudhakar Pamarti
University of California, Los Angeles, CA