Steamroller: An x86-64 Core Implemented in 28nm Bulk CMOS

📋 论文概要

本文介绍了AMD在28nm HKMG工艺下实现的x86-64双核CPU模块“Steamroller”，包含2.36亿晶体管，工作电压0.8-1.45V，模块面积29.47mm²，集成了独立整数核、指令解码单元、共享取指单元、浮点单元和2MB L2缓存，旨在提升能效和性能。

💡 主要创新点

• 采用28nm高κ金属栅极（HKMG）工艺，实现低功耗与高性能的平衡。
• 模块化设计，包含两个独立整数核和共享浮点单元，优化了多核处理效率。
• 集成2MB 16路L2缓存，减少内存访问延迟，提升数据吞吐量。

🏷 关键词

📄 原文摘要

Stephen Kosonocky2, Robert S. Orefice1, Donald A. Priore1, Jonathan White1, Kathryn Wilcox1 AMD, Boxborough, MA, 2AMD, Fort Collins, CO, 3AMD, Austin, TX 1 The AMD two-core x86-64 CPU module, codenamed “Steamroller”, contains 236 million transistors implemented in 28nm high-κ metal gate (HKMG) bulk CMOS using 12 levels of metal. It is designed to operate from 0.8 to 1.45V. The CPU module occupies 29.47 mm2, which includes two independent integer cores, two instruction decode units and shared instruction fetch, floating-point, and 2MB 16-way L2 cache units (Fig. 5.5.7). Along with the second instruction decode unit, this design includes a larger shared 96KB 3-way instruction cache and a 10KB L2 branch target buffer for improved single-threaded performance and multi-threaded throughput compared to a previous 32nm AMD x86-64 CPU codenamed “Bulldozer” [1]. The module design contains 63 unique custom or compiled macros and 436,770

👥 作者与机构

Kevin Gillespie1, Harry R. Fair III1, Carson Henrion2, Ravi Jotwani3,