技术领域

Wireless

293 篇相关论文 (2008–2026)

ISSCC 2016 Session 26 Wireless
An Ultra-Low-Power Receiver Using TransmittedReference and Shifted Limiters for In-Band Interference Resilience
Dawei Ye, Ronan van der Zee, Bram Nauta
The coexistence of more and more wireless standards in the ISM bands increases the design difficulty of interference-robust receivers (RX), especially for Wireless Sensor Nodes because of their Ultra-Low-Power (ULP) budge
ISSCC 2016 Session 26 Wireless
A 5.5mW ADPLL-Based Receiver with HybridLoop Interference Rejection for BLE Application in 65nm CMOS
Hidenori Okuni, Akihide Sai, Tuan Thanh Ta, Satoshi Kondo,
(BLE) have been developed for minimizing the RX power consumption. A PLL-based RX architecture [1] is very attractive to improve the energy efficiency. While the single-channel configuration without multi-bit ADC realize
ISSCC 2016 Session 21 Wireless
A 6.78MHz 6W Wireless Power Receiver with a 3-Level 1× / ½ × / 0× Reconfigurable Resonant Regulating Rectifier
Lin Cheng, Wing-Hung Ki, Tat-To Wong, Tak-Sang Yim, Chi-Ying Tsui
devices to cut the last wire. Resonant wireless power transfer (R-WPT) using magnetic resonance emerges as a promising approach, as it provides spatial freedom and can charge multiple devices simultaneously. ISM-band fre
ISSCC 2016 Session 21 Wireless
A 1.2cm2 2.4GHz Self-Oscillating RectifierAntenna Achieving -34.5dBm Sensitivity for Wirelessly Powered Sensors
Jian Kang, Patrick Yin Chiang, Arun Natarajan
Ubiquitous Internet-of-Everything (IoE) applications require low-cost, miniature sensors with long lifetimes. Wirelessly-powered ICs that harvest energy from an RF beacon or from existing wireless signals can address cha
ISSCC 2016 Session 21 Wireless
A Current-Mode Wireless Power Receiver with Optimal Resonant Cycle Tracking for Implantable Systems
Myungjoon Choi1, Taekwang Jang1, Junwon Jeong1,2,
to miniature implantable sensor systems such as [1]. To recharge batteries of such systems, wireless power transfer is a popular option since it is non-invasive. However, there are two main challenges: 1) strict safety r
ISSCC 2016 Session 21 Wireless
A >78%-Efficient Light Harvester over 100-to100klux with Reconfigurable PV-Cell Network and MPPT Circuit
Inhee Lee, Wootaek Lim, Alan Teran, Jamie Phillips,
extend system lifetime for internet of everything (IoE) nodes. Ambient light is a common energy source that can be harvested by photovoltaic (PV) cells. However, light intensity varies widely depending on location, rangi
ISSCC 2016 Session 21 Wireless
A 200nA Single-Inductor Dual-Input-Triple-Output (DITO) Converter with Two-Stage Charging and Process-Limit Cold-Start Voltage for Photovoltaic and Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting
Yanfeng Lu1, Suyi Yao1, Bin Shao2, Paul Brokaw3
Analog Devices, Wilmington, MA, 3 Analog Devices, San Jose, CA 1 2 Energy harvesting has been considered to be a good solution to power many IoE applications [1-3]. Some applications require regulated supply voltage, whi
ISSCC 2016 Session 21 Wireless
A 4µW-to-1mW Parallel-SSHI Rectifier for Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting of Periodic and
Shock Excitations with Inductor Sharing, Cold, Start-up and up to 681% Power Extraction
Improvement Daniel A. Sanchez1, Joachim Leicht1, Eduardas Jodka1, Elham Fazel1, Yiannos Manoli1,2 University of Freiburg - IMTEK, Freiburg, Germany, Hahn-Schickard, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany 1 2 A piezoelectric ene
ISSCC 2016 Session 21 Wireless
A Single-Cycle MPPT Charge-Pump Energy Harvester Using a Thyristor-Based VCO Without Storage Capacitor
Xiaosen Liu, Edgar Sanchez-Sinencio
The switched-capacitor power converter, also called a charge pump (CP), features no off-chip components and is suitable for the monolithic smart nodes in the internet of everything (IoE) [1]. To reduce the inevitable cha
ISSCC 2016 Session 13 Wireless
A 0.22mm2 CMOS Resistive Charge-Based Direct-Launch Digital Transmitter with -159dBc/Hz Out-of-Band Noise
Pedro Emiliano Paro Filho1,2, Mark Ingels1, Piet Wambacq1,2, Jan Craninckx1
communication systems is dominated by the tradeoff between cost and performance. While the former claims ever-smaller footprints and bill of materials (BOM), the latter comprises a stringent set of requirements regarding
ISSCC 2016 Session 13 Wireless
A 42Gb/s 60GHz CMOS Transceiver for IEEE 802.11ay
Rui Wu, Seitaro Kawai, Yuuki Seo, Nurul Fajri, Kento Kimura,
Shinji Sato, Satoshi Kondo, Tomohiro Ueno, Teerachot Siriburanon, Shoutarou Maki, Bangan Liu, Yun Wang, Noriaki Nagashima, Masaya Miyahara, Kenichi Okada, Akira Matsuzawa Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan It is
ISSCC 2016 Session 13 Wireless
A 4-Antenna-Path Beamforming Transceiver for 60GHz Multi-Gb/s Communication in 28nm CMOS
Giovanni Mangraviti1, Khaled Khalaf1,2, Qixian Shi1,2,
Kristof Vaesen1, Davide Guermandi1, Vito Giannini1,3, Steven Brebels1, Fortunato Frazzica1, André Bourdoux1, Charlotte Soens1, Wim Van Thillo1, Piet Wambacq1,2 imec, Heverlee, Belgium, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel
ISSCC 2016 Session 13 Wireless
A Microwave Injection-Locking Outphasing Modulator with 30dB Dynamic Range and 22% System Efficiency in 45nm CMOS SOI
Mohammad Mehrjoo1, James Buckwalter1,2
University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 1 2 High-capacity microwave systems demand high-efficiency transmit architectures that support complex waveforms with high peak-to-average-power-ratio (PAPR) modulation. The ou
ISSCC 2016 Session 13 Wireless
A 56Gb/s W-Band CMOS Wireless Transceiver
Korkut K. Tokgoz1, Shotaro Maki1, Seitaro Kawai1,
Noriaki Nagashima1, Jun Emmei1, Masato Dome1, Hisashi Kato1, Jian Pang1, Yoichi Kawano2, Toshihide Suzuki2, Taisuke Iwai2, Yuuki Seo1, Kimsrun Lim1, Shinji Sato1, Li Ning1, Kengo Nakata1, Kenichi Okada1, Akira Matsuzawa1
ISSCC 2016 Session 13 Wireless
A Ku-Band 260mW FMCW Synthetic Aperture Radar TRX with 1.48GHz BW in 65nm CMOS for Micro-UAVs
Yong Wang, Kai Tang, Ying Zhang, Liheng Lou, Bo Chen,
capabilities to acquire imagery during night and inclement weather is indispensable for remote sensing, traffic mapping, etc. Recent unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been miniaturized to <1m3, providing an inexpensiv
ISSCC 2016 Session 13 Wireless
A 940MHz-Bandwidth 28.8µs-Period 8.9GHz Chirp Frequency Synthesizer PLL in 65nm CMOS for X-Band FMCW Radar Applications
Hwanseok Yeo1,2, Sigang Ryu1, Yoontaek Lee1, Seuk Son1, Jaeha Kim1
1.3 shows the circuit implementation of the low-power PI used in the phase DAC. The PI stage consists of two complementary parts, each interpolating between the rising or falling edges of the two input clocks, respective
ISSCC 2015 Session 9 Wireless
An LTE SAW-Less Transmitter Using 33% Duty-Cycle LO Signals for Harmonic Suppression
Yen-Horng Chen1, Neric Fong2, Bing Xu3, Caiyi Wang3
With limited frequency allocation in the radio spectrum, spectral efficiency has always been the core development of communication systems. To accommodate the increase in demand for wireless data services, RF systems hav
ISSCC 2015 Session 9 Wireless
A 5.3GHz 16b 1.75GS/s Wideband RF Mixing-DAC Achieving IMD<-82dBc up to 1.9GHz
Elbert Bechthum1, Georgi Radulov1, J. Briaire2, Govert Geelen2, Arthur van Roermund1
infrastructure require both high linearity and large bandwidth (BW) at GHz frequencies. The combination of multicarrier GSM, WCDMA and LTE typically requires IMD<-80dBc and SFDR>80dBc in a large transmit bandwidth of 300
ISSCC 2015 Session 9 Wireless
Efficient Digital Quadrature Transmitter Based on IQ Cell Sharing
Hadong Jin1, Dongsu Kim2, Sangsu Jin1, Hankyu Lee1,
employ various modulation methods in various frequency bands, interest in the software-defined radio (SDR) transceiver to support the standards is increasing. For the flexible transceiver, a digital-intensive transmitter
ISSCC 2015 Session 9 Wireless
A 28nm CMOS Digital Fractional-N PLL with -245.5dB FOM and a Frequency Tripler For 802.11abgn/ac Radio
Xiang Gao, Luns Tee, Wanghua Wu, Kun-Seok Lee,
Arvind Anumula Paramanandam, Anuranjan Jha, Norman Liu, Edwin Chan, Li Lin Marvell, Santa Clara, CA The fast adaptation of WiFi 802.11ac 256-QAM mode requires RF clocks with very low integrated phase error to deliver goo
ISSCC 2015 Session 9 Wireless
A Transmitter with 10b 128MS/s Incremental-ChargeBased DAC Achieving -155dBc/Hz Out-of-Band Noise
Pedro Emiliano Paro Filho1,2, Mark Ingels1, Piet Wambacq1,2, Jan Craninckx1
stringent requirements on every transmitter design aspect. Especially when the inter-stage SAW filter is removed, FDD operation using high-order modulation schemes (as in e.g. WCDMA, LTE) demands both remarkable noise pe
ISSCC 2015 Session 9 Wireless
A Single-Chip HSPA Transceiver with Fully Integrated 3G CMOS Power Amplifiers
José Moreira1, Stephan Leuschner1, Nenad Stevanovic1, Harald Pretl2,
Peter Pfann1, Ronald Thüringer1, Martin Kastner1, Christian Pröll2, Andreas Schwarz2, Florian Mrugalla1, Jimena Saporiti2, Umut Basaran3, Andreas Langer1, Tobias D. Werth1, Timo Gossmann1, Boris Kapfelsperger1, Johann Pl
ISSCC 2015 Session 9 Wireless
A 13mm2 40nm Multiband GSM/EDGE/HSPA+/TDSCDMA/LTE Transceiver
Theodore Georgantas1, Kostis Vavelidis1, Nikos Haralabidis1, Stamatis Bouras1,
Iason Vassiliou1, Charalampos Kapnistis1, Yiannis Kokolakis1, Hamed Peyravi1, Gerasimos Theodoratos1, Konstantinos Vryssas1, Nikos Kanakaris1, Christos Kokozidis1, Spyros Kavadias1, Sofoklis Plevridis1, Paul Mudge2, Igor
ISSCC 2015 Session 19 Wireless
A 79GHz Binary Phase-Modulated Continuous-Wave Radar Transceiver with TX-to-RX Spillover Cancellation in 28nm CMOS
Davide Guermandi1, Qixian Shi1,2, Alaa Medra1,2, Tomohiro Murata3,
The demand for inexpensive and ubiquitous accurate motion-detection sensors for road safety, smart homes and robotics justifies the interest in single-chip mm-Wave radars: a high carrier frequency allows for a high angul
ISSCC 2015 Session 19 Wireless
A 1.9mm-Precision 20GS/s Real-Time Sampling Receiver Using Time-Extension Method for Indoor Localization
Hong Gul Han, Byung Gyu Yu, Tae Wook Kim
Contrary to conventional continuous-wave communication technologies, Impulse-radio Ultra-Wideband (IR-UWB) allows to have various functionalities such as communication, localization and radar by using a short pulse [1-4]
ISSCC 2015 Session 19 Wireless
An HCI-Healing 60GHz CMOS Transceiver
Rui Wu, Seitaro Kawai, Yuuki Seo, Kento Kimura, Shinji Sato,
Satoshi Kondo, Tomohiro Ueno, Nurul Fajri, Shoutarou Maki, Noriaki Nagashima, Yasuaki Takeuchi, Tatsuya Yamaguchi, Ahmed Musa, Masaya Miyahara, Kenichi Okada, Akira Matsuzawa Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan T
ISSCC 2015 Session 19 Wireless
A 2.7-to-3.7GHz Rapid Interferer Detector Exploiting Compressed Sampling with a Quadrature Analog-toInformation Converter
Rabia Tugce Yazicigil1, Tanbir Haque1,2, Michael R. Whalen1,
Jeffrey Yuan1, John Wright1, Peter R. Kinget1 Columbia University, New York, NY, 2InterDigital Communications, Melville, NY 1 Mobile data traffic (driven by video over wireless, Internet of Things and machine-to-machine
ISSCC 2015 Session 19 Wireless
Reconfigurable SDR Receiver with Enhanced FrontEnd Frequency Selectivity Suitable for Intra-Band and Inter-Band Carrier Aggregation
Run Chen, Hossein Hashemi
The demand for increased wireless data throughput in future wireless communication and the lack of available wide contiguous frequency bands inspire the concept of aggregating multiple frequency bands in a SoftwareDefine
ISSCC 2015 Session 19 Wireless
A Self-Interference-Cancelling Receiver for In-Band Full-Duplex Wireless with Low Distortion Under Cancellation of Strong TX Leakage
Dirk-Jan van den Broek, Eric A. M. Klumperink, Bram Nauta
In-band full-duplex (FD) wireless communication, i.e. simultaneous transmission and reception at the same frequency, in the same channel, promises up to 2x spectral efficiency, along with advantages in higher network lay
ISSCC 2015 Session 19 Wireless
Reconfigurable Receiver with >20MHz Bandwidth
Self-Interference Cancellation Suitable for FDD, Co-Existence and Full-Duplex Applications
which limit form factor. Widely-tunable low-noise RF active self-interference cancellation (SIC) (e.g. [1]) is a step towards enabling duplexers with reduced TX/RX isolation as well as adjacent-channel full duplex. Howev
ISSCC 2014 Session 9 Wireless
An 860µW 2.1-to-2.7GHz All-Digital PLL-Based Frequency Modulator with a DTC-Assisted Snapshot TDC for WPAN (Bluetooth Smart and ZigBee) Applications
Vamshi Krishna Chillara1,2*, Yao-Hong Liu1, Bindi Wang1,2, Ao Ba1,
at Analog Devices, Limerick, Ireland 1 Using a DC-coupled buffer instead of an AC-coupled one, power consumption and noise feed-through into the DCO are reduced. The VTC of the DC-coupled DCO buffer can be varied by digi
ISSCC 2014 Session 9 Wireless
A 0.33nJ/b IEEE802.15.6/Proprietary-MICS/ISMBand Transceiver with Scalable Data-Rate from 11kb/s to 4.5Mb/s for Medical Applications
Maja Vidojkovic1, Xiongchuan Huang1, Xiaoyan Wang1, Cui Zhou1,
Ao Ba1, Maarten Lont1, Yao-Hong Liu1, Pieter Harpe2, Ming Ding1, Ben Busze1, Nauman Kiyani1, Kouichi Kanda3, Shoichi Masui3, Kathleen Philips1, Harmke de Groot1 Holst Centre/imec, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Eindhoven Un
ISSCC 2014 Session 9 Wireless
A 1.3mW 0.6V WBAN-Compatible Sub-Sampling PSK Receiver in 65nm CMOS
Jiao Cheng1, Nan Qi1, Patrick Yin Chiang1,2, Arun Natarajan1
Fudan University, Shanghai, China 1 2 The release of the IEEE802.15.6 standard has led to increased interest in lowpower technologies for wireless body-area-networks (WBAN). The power dissipation, supply voltage, and IC
ISSCC 2014 Session 9 Wireless
A 1.2nJ/b 2.4GHz Receiver with a Sliding-IF Phaseto-Digital Converter for Wireless Personal/Body-Area Networks
Yao-Hong Liu, Ao Ba, J.H.C van den Heuvel, Kathleen Philips,
4GHz RX for short-range wireless personal and body-area networks. In such applications, the RF transceiver consumes up to 90% of the total battery energy in a remote sensor node. In order to extend the operation lifetime
ISSCC 2014 Session 9 Wireless
A 0.5V 1.15mW 0.2mm2 Sub-GHz ZigBee Receiver Supporting 433/860/915/960MHz ISM Bands with Zero External Components
Zhicheng Lin1, Pui-In Mak1,2, Rui Martins1,2,3
UMTEC, Macao, China, 3 Instituto Superior Tecnico, Lisbon, Portugal 1 2 The rapid proliferation of Internet of Things has urged the development of ultralow-power (ULP) radios at the lowest possible cost, while being univ
ISSCC 2014 Session 9 Wireless
A 1mW 1Mb/s 7.75-to-8.25GHz Chirp-UWB Transceiver with Low Peak-Power Transmission and Fast Synchronization Capability
Fei Chen1, Yu Li1, Dang Liu1, Woogeun Rhee1, Jongjin Kim2,
constraints on the wireless links where the ear-to-ear link enables signal processing of sound for both ears to enhance speech intelligence and the ear-to-device link provides an audio channel to commercial electronics s
ISSCC 2014 Session 9 Wireless
A 13.3mW 500Mb/s IR-UWB Transceiver with LinkMargin Enhancement Technique for Meter-Range Communications
Shuli Geng, Dang Liu, Yanfeng Li, Huiying Zhuo, Woogeun Rhee, Zhihua Wang
medical equipment has not been rapidly developed. For wireless medical applications, lossless connection and noninvasive transmission are important factors. Moreover, in medical imaging applications such as 4D ultrasound
ISSCC 2014 Session 9 Wireless
A Self-Calibrating NFC SoC with a Triple-Mode Reconfigurable PLL and a Single-Path PICC-PCD Receiver in 0.11µm CMOS
Wee Liang Lien1, Tieng Ying Choke1, Ying Chow Tan1, Ming Kong1,
Eng Chuan Low1, Dan Ping Li1, Liming Jin1, Huajiang Zhang1, Chin Heng Leow1, Soong Lin Chew1, Uday Dasgupta1, Chee Hong Yong1, Tian Bao Gao1, Geok Teng Ong1, Wee Guan Tan1, Weimin Shu1, Chee Lee Heng1, Osama Shana’A1,2 M
ISSCC 2014 Session 28 Wireless
A Frequency-Defined Vernier Digital-to-Time Converter for Impulse Radar Systems in 65nm CMOS
Yu-Hsien Kao, Chang-Ming Lai, Jen-Ming Wu, Po-Chiun Huang,
multi-path immunity for ranging and localization applications [1], [2]. Impulse radar sends signals with short duration and spreads signal power over a large bandwidth. Favorable features of impulse radar are minor inter
ISSCC 2014 Session 28 Wireless
A 0.29mm2 Frequency Synthesizer in 40nm CMOS with 0.19psrms Jitter and <-100dBc Reference Spur for 802.11ac
Yu-Li Hsueh, Lan-Chou Cho, Chih-Hsien Shen, Yi-Chien Tsai,
alldigital PLLs due to several substantial building blocks such as the loop filter and charge pump (CP). To achieve the required phase noise, the in-band noise is typically suppressed by increasing CP current and loop fi
ISSCC 2014 Session 28 Wireless
A Programmable 0.7-to-2.7GHz Direct ΔΣ Receiver in 40nm CMOS
Mikko Englund1, Kim B. Östman1, Olli Viitala1, Mikko Kaltiokallio1,
programmable receivers, ideally placing the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) right at the antenna. Such an RF ADC should be tunable over several GHz, have programmable gain, low noise, be blocker-tolerant, and consume m
ISSCC 2014 Session 20 Wireless
A 20mW GSM/WCDMA Receiver with RF Channel Selection
Joung Won Park, Behzad Razavi
Recent work on RF receivers has exploited N-path filters to address two critical issues, namely, blocker tolerance and high RF selectivity [1,2]. However, these designs face three drawbacks: (1) the low-noise amplifier (
ISSCC 2014 Session 20 Wireless
A Multi-Band Inductor-Less SAW-Less 2G/3G-TDSCDMA Cellular Receiver in 40nm CMOS
Ming-Da Tsai, Chih-Fan Liao, Chi-Yun Wang, Yi-Bin Lee, Bosen Tzeng, Guang-Kaai Dehng
evolution of cellular phone networks. New-generation cellular standards use wider channel bandwidth and more sophisticated modulation to obtain higher data-rates. Due to various cellular standards, chip providers are req
ISSCC 2014 Session 20 Wireless
A Blocker-Resilient Wideband Receiver with Low-Noise Active Two-Point Cancellation of >0dBm TX Leakage and TX Noise in RX Band for FDD/Co-Existence
Jin Zhou, Peter R. Kinget, Harish Krishnaswamy
The demand for lower cost and form factor and increased re-configurability in wireless systems has driven the investigation of blocker-tolerant softwaredefined radios [1-4]. While promising, a reduction in system form-fa
ISSCC 2014 Session 20 Wireless
A 40nm Dual-Band 3-Stream 802.11a/b/g/n/ac MIMO WLAN SoC with 1.1Gb/s Over-the-Air Throughput
Ming He, Renaldi Winoto, Xiang Gao, Wayne Loeb, David Signoff,
Wai Lau, Yuan Lu, Donghong Cui, Kun-Seok Lee, Sai-Wang Tam, Philip Godoy, Yung Chen, Sanghoon Joo, Changhui Hu, Arvind Anumula Paramanandam, Xiaoyue Wang, Chi-Hung Lin, Li Lin Marvell, Santa Clara, CA The steep growth of
ISSCC 2014 Session 20 Wireless
A Fully Integrated Single-Chip 60GHz CMOS Transceiver with Scalable Power Consumption for Proximity Wireless Communication
Shigehito Saigusa, Toshiya Mitomo, Hidenori Okuni, Masahiro Hosoya,
Akihide Sai, Shusuke Kawai, Tong Wang, Masanori Furuta, Kei Shiraishi, Koichiro Ban, Seiichiro Horikawa, Tomoya Tandai, Ryoko Matsuo, Takeshi Tomizawa, Hiroaki Hoshino, Junya Matsuno, Yukako Tsutsumi, Ryoichi Tachibana,
ISSCC 2014 Session 20 Wireless
A 64-QAM 60GHz CMOS Transceiver with 4-Channel Bonding best TX EVM of -29.7dB is achieved in QPSK (ch.4). The PA consumes 115mW, and the two differential amplifiers and mixers consume 16mW.
Kenichi Okada, Ryo Minami, Yuuki Tsukui, Seitaro Kawai, Yuuki Seo, Shinji Sato,
Satoshi Kondo, Tomohiro Ueno, Yasuaki Takeuchi, Tatsuya Yamaguchi, Ahmed Musa, Rui Wu, Masaya Miyahara, Akira Matsuzawa The RX conversion gain is more than 20dB, excluding the PCB loss. SNDR at the center frequency of 61
ISSCC 2014 Session 20 Wireless
A 16TX/16RX 60GHz 802.11ad Chipset with Single Coaxial Interface and Polarization Diversity
Michael Boers1, Iason Vassiliou2, Saikat Sarkar1, Sean Nicolson1,
Ehsan Adabi1, Bagher Afshar1, Bevin Perumana1, Theodoros Chalvatzis2, Spyros Kavadias2, Padmanava Sen1, Wei Liat Chan1, Alvin Yu1, Ali Parsa3, Med Nariman1, Seunghwan Yoon1, Alfred Grau Besoli1, Chryssoula Kyriazidou2, G
ISSCC 2014 Session 20 Wireless
A 40nm CMOS Receiver for 60GHz Discrete-Carrier Indoor Localization Achieving mm-Precision at 4m Range
Tom Redant, Tuba Ayhan, Nico De Clercq, Marian Verhelst,
recently gained a lot of attention. Its broad bandwidth, combined with a high allowed transmitted power level, provides an excellent opportunity for numerous applications, among others high-precision ranging and localiza
ISSCC 2013 Session 4 Wireless
A Single-Inductor 0.35µm CMOS Energy-Investing Piezoelectric Harvester
Dongwon Kwon, Gabriel Alfonso Rincon-Mora
Because miniaturized systems store little energy, their lifespans are often short. Fortunately, vibrations are consistent and abundant in many applications, so ambient kinetic energy can be a viable source. Vibrations in